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I study fluctuating asymmetry, developmental instability, hybrid zones, and population and community ecology.\u00a0Collaborators include Carl Freeman<\/span><\/u><\/a> (Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan), John Emlen (USGS, Western Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington), Jeff Duda<\/span><\/u><\/a> (USGS, Western Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington), Carl Ostberg<\/span><\/u><\/a> (USGS, Western Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington),\u00a0 Vladimir Zakharov<\/span><\/u><\/a> (Koltzov Institute, Moscow, Russia),\u00a0 Larry Leamy<\/span><\/u><\/a> (University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC), Jules Kieser<\/span><\/u><\/a> (University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand), Dmitri Lajus (Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia), Alexander Kozhara (Inland Fisheries Institute, Yaroslavl Province, Russia), Kunio Shimizu<\/span><\/u><\/a> (Keio University, Japan), Tony Krzysik (Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona), Durant McArthur (National Forest Service, Provo, Utah), Shmuel Raz, Eviatar Nevo<\/span><\/u><\/a>, and Hagit Hel-Or<\/span><\/u><\/a> (University of Haifa, Israel), Baris \u00d6zener (University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey), Esther de Bruin<\/span><\/u><\/a> (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and several Berry College students and faculty.My current research includes the theory and practical application of developmental stability and fluctuating asymmetry<\/span><\/u><\/a> in evolutionary biology and ecotoxicology<\/span><\/u><\/a> .\u00a0 I’ve worked with fish, birds, plants, insects, and snails, and have introduced new concepts (i.e. developmental invariance), new measures of developmental instability, and a comprehensive theory that includes error models, non-linear dynamics, and the basis of fluctuating and directional asymmetry (handedness).<\/p>\n I am also interested in hybrid zones, and have worked with bluespotted and banded sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus<\/em> and E. obesus<\/em>), Yellow-shafted and Red-shafted Flickers ( Colaptes auratus auratus<\/em> and C. a. cafer<\/em>), and basin and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata tridentata<\/em> and A. t. vaseyana<\/em> ).\u00a0 I have worked on the big sagebrush hybrid zone<\/span><\/u><\/a> continuously since 1989,\u00a0 in collaboration with Carl Freeman, Durant McArthur, and their students and colleagues.\u00a0 We have tested hybrid zone theory in reciprocal transplant gardens that span the hybrid zone at Salt Creek, Utah.\u00a0 Hybrids have highest fitness, but only in the hybrid garden.\u00a0 This offers strong support for the bounded hybrid superiority model.\u00a0 Additional studies in the transplant gardens have included insect-plant interactions, developmental stability, respiration, water potential, soils, and nutrient uptake.<\/p>\n